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Processors Study Notes

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit built on a tiny piece of silicon. It contains thousands, or even millions, of transistors, which are interconnected via superfine traces of aluminum. The transistors work together to store and manipulate data so that the microprocessor can perform a wide variety of useful functions. The particular functions a microprocessor performs are dictated by software.

Intel's first microprocessor was the 4004. It was introduced in 1971, and contained 2,300 transistors. Today's Pentium® 4 processor, by contrast, contains 55 million transistors.

One of the most common tasks microprocessors perform is to serve as the "brains" inside personal computers, but they deliver "intelligence" to countless other devices as well. For example, they may give your telephone speed-dial and redial options, automatically turn down your house's thermostat at night, and make your car safer and more energy efficient.

Complete Intel Family Processors

Intel® Pentium® M Processor

Processor	Clock Speed(s)	Intro Date(s)	Mfg. Process/ Transistors	Cache	Bus Speed	Core Voltage	Wattage	Typical Use
Intel® Pentium® M Processor	1.60 GHz 1.50 GHz 1.40 GHz 1.30 GHz	Mar. 12, 2003	0.13-micron 77 million	1 MB Low Power L2 cache	400 MHz	1.48V in Max. Perf. Mode 0.96V in Battery Optimized Mode 1.39V in Max Perf. Mode 0.96V in Battery Optimized Mode (1.30 GHz version)	<1 watt in Battery Optimized Mode	Full-size and thin & light mobile PCs

*Low Voltage*
Processor	Clock Speed(s)	Intro Date(s)	Mfg. Process/ Transistors	Cache	Bus Speed	Core Voltage	Wattage	Typical Use
Intel® Pentium® M Processor	1.10 GHz	Mar. 12, 2003	0.13-micron 77 million	1 MB Low Power L2 cache	400 MHz	1.18V in Max. Perf. Mode 0.96V in Battery Optimized Mode	<1 watt in Battery Optimized Mode	Full-size and thin & light mobile PCs

*Ultra Low Voltage*
Processor	Clock Speed(s)	Intro Date(s)	Mfg. Process/ Transistors	Cache	Bus Speed	Core Voltage	Wattage	Typical Use
Intel® Pentium® M Processor	900 MHz	Mar. 12, 2003	0.13-micron 77 million	1 MB Low Power L2 cache	400 MHz	1.00V in Max. Perf. Mode 0.84V in Battery Optimized Mode	<0.5 watt in Battery Optimized Mode	Full-size and thin & light mobile PCs

Intel® Itanium® Processor Family

Processor	Clock Speed(s)	Intro Date(s)	Mfg. Process/ Transistors	Cache	Typical Use
Intel® Itanium® 2 Processor	1 GHz 900 MHz	July 8, 2002	0.18-micron 220 million	3 MB and 1.5 MB L3 Cache	Demanding enterprise-class servers, workstations and high-performance applications
Intel® Itanium® Processor	800 MHz 733 MHz	May 2001	0.18-micron 25 million	2 MB and 4 MB L3 Cache	Demanding enterprise-class servers, workstations and high-performance applications

Intel® Xeon™ Processor Family

Processor	Clock Speed(s)	Intro Date(s)	Mfg. Process/ Transistors	Cache	Bus Speed	Typical Use
Intel® Xeon™ Processor	3.06 GHz	Mar. 10, 2003	0.13-micron 108 million	512 KB L2 Cache	533 MHz	Workstations and servers
Intel® Xeon™ Processor	2.80 GHz 2.60 GHz 2.40 GHz 2 GHz	Nov. 18, 2002	0.13-micron 108 million	512 KB L2 Cache	533 MHz	Workstations and servers
Intel® Xeon™ Processor MP	2 GHz 1.90 GHz 1.50 GHz	Nov. 4, 2002	0.13-micron 108 million	2 MB, 1 MB Integrated L3 Cache	400 MHz	Multi-processing mid-tier and back-end servers
Intel® Xeon™ Processor MP	1.60 GHz 1.50 GHz 1.40 GHz	Mar. 12, 2002	0.18-micron 108 million	256 KB Adv. Transfer L2 Cache 8 KB Execution Trace L1 Cache	400 MHz	Multi-processing mid-tier and back-end servers
Intel® Xeon™ Processor	2.80 GHz 2.60 GHz 2.40 GHz 2.20 GHz 2 GHz 1.80 GHz	Sept. 11, 2002 2.80 GHz 2.60 GHz Apr. 3, 2002 2.40 GHz Feb, 25, 2002 Workstations and servers based on Intel® E7500 chipset and 3rd party chipsets Jan. 9, 2002 Workstations and servers based on the Intel® 860 chipset	0.13-micron 55 million	512 KB Advanced Transfer L2 Cache	400 MHz	High-performance and mid-range dual processor enabled workstations and servers.
Intel® Xeon™ Processor	2 GHz 1.70 GHz 1.50 GHz 1.40 GHz	Sep. 25, 2001 2 GHz May 21, 2001 1.70 GHz 1.50 GHz 1.40 GHz	0.18-micron 42 million	256 KB Advanced Transfer L2 Cache	400 MHz	High-performance and mid-range dual processor enabled workstations and servers.

Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor

*Desktop*
Processor	Clock Speed(s)	Intro Date(s)	Mfg. Process/ Transistors	Cache	Bus Speed	Typical Use
Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor	3 GHz	Apr. 14, 2003	0.13-micron 55 million	512 KB Advanced Transfer L2 cache	800 MHz	Desktops and entry-level workstations
Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor	3.06 GHz	Nov. 14, 2002	0.13-micron 55 million	512 KB Advanced Transfer L2 cache	533 MHz	Desktops and entry-level workstations
Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor	2.80 GHz 2.66 GHz 2.53 GHz 2.40 GHz 2.26 GHz	Aug. 26, 2002 2.80 GHz 2.66 GHz May 6, 2002 2.53 GHz 2.40 GHz 2.26 GHz	0.13-micron 55 million	512 KB Advanced Transfer L2 cache	533 MHz	Desktops and entry-level workstations
Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor	2.60 GHz 2.50 GHz 2.40 GHz 2.20 GHz 2 GHz	Aug. 26, 2002 2.60 GHz 2.50 GHz Apr. 2, 2002 2.40 GHz Jan. 7, 2002 2.2 GHz Aug. 27, 2001 2 GHz	0.13-micron 55 million	512 KB Advanced Transfer L2 cache	400 MHz	Desktops and entry-level workstations
Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor	2 GHz 1.90 GHz 1.80 GHz 1.70 GHz 1.60 GHz 1.50 GHz 1.40 GHz	Aug. 27, 2001 2 GHz 1.90 GHz Jul. 2, 2001 1.80 GHz 1.60 GHz Apr. 23, 2001 1.70 GHz Nov. 20, 2000 1.50 GHz 1.40 GHz	0.18-micron 42 million	256 KB Advanced Transfer L2 cache	400 MHz	Desktops and entry-level workstations

*Mobile*
Processor	Clock Speed(s)	Intro Date(s)	Mfg. Process/ Transistors	Cache	Bus Speed	Core Voltage	Wattage	Typical Use
Mobile Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor-M	2.50 GHz 2.40 GHz 2.20 GHz 2 GHz 1.90 GHz 1.80 GHz 1.70 GHz 1.60 GHz 1.50 GHz 1.40 GHz	Apr. 16, 2003 2.50 GHz Jan. 14, 2003 2.40 GHz Sept. 16, 2002 2.20 GHz June 24, 2002 2 GHz 1.90 GHz Apr. 23, 2002 1.80 GHz 1.50 GHz 1.40 GHz Mar. 4, 2002 1.70 GHz 1.60 GHz	0.13-micron 55 million	512 KB on-die L2 cache	400 MHz	1.3 volts in Max. Perf. Mode 1.2 volts in Battery Optimized Mode	<2 watts in Battery Optimized Mode	Full-size and thin & light mobile PCs

*Applied Computing*
Processor	Clock Speed(s)	Intro Date(s)	Mfg. Process/ Transistors	Cache	Bus Speed	Typical Use
Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor for Applied Computing	2.40 GHz	June 25, 2002	0.13-micron 55 million	512 KB on-die L2 cache	400 MHz 533 MHz	Applied computing, communications, interactive client and industrial automation applications.
Mobile Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor-M for Applied Computing	1.70 GHz	June 25, 2002	0.13-micron 55 million	512 KB on-die L2 cache	400 MHz 533 MHz	Applied computing, communications, interactive client and industrial automation applications.

Intel® Pentium® III Processor

*Desktop*
Processor	Clock Speed(s)	Intro Date(s)	Mfg. Process/ Transistors	Cache	Bus Speed	Typical Use
Intel® Pentium® III Processor	1 GHz 933 MHz 866 MHz 850 MHz	Mar. 8, 2000 1 GHz Mar. 20, 2000 866 MHz 850 MHz May 24, 2000 933 MHz	0.18-micron 28 million	256 KB Advanced Transfer cache	100 MHz 133 MHz	Business, consumer PCs; 1- and 2-way servers and workstations
Intel® Pentium® III Processor	733 MHz 700 MHz 667 MHz 650 MHz 600 MHz 550 MHz 533 MHz 500 MHz	Oct. 25, 1999	0.18-micron 28 million	256 KB Advanced Transfer cache	100 MHz 133 MHz	Business, consumer PCs; 1- and 2-way servers and workstations
Intel® Pentium® III Processor	600 MHz 550 MHz 500 MHz 450 MHz	Aug. 2, 1999 600 MHz May 17, 1999 550 MHz Feb. 26, 1999 500 MHz 450 Mhz	0.25-micron 9.5 million	512 KB	100 MHz	Business, consumer PCs; 1- and 2-way servers and workstations

*Server*
Processor	Clock Speed(s)	Intro Date(s)	Mfg. Process/ Transistors	Cache	Bus Speed	Typical Use
Intel® Pentium® III Processor for servers	1.40 GHz	Jan. 8, 2002	0.13-micron 44 million	512 KB Advanced Transfer Cache	133 MHz	Rack-mounted and pedestal front-end application servers; ultra-dense servers

*Ultra-Low Voltage*
Processor	Clock Speed(s)	Intro Date(s)	Mfg. Process/ Transistors	Cache	Bus Speed	Core Voltage	Wattage	Typical Use
Ultra Low Voltage Mobile Intel® Pentium® III Processor-M	933 MHz / 400 MHz Battery Optimized	Jan. 14, 2003	0.13-micron 55 million	512 KB Advanced Transfer cache	133 MHz	1.1V Max. Performance 0.95V Battery Optimized	<0.5 Battery Optimized	Mini- and Sub-notebooks, Ultra-dense blade servers
Ultra Low Voltage Mobile Intel® Pentium® III Processor-M	900 MHz / 400 MHz Battery Optimized	Jan. 14, 2003	0.13-micron 55 million	512 KB Advanced Transfer cache	100 MHz	1.1V Max. Performance 0.95V Battery Optimized	<0.5 Battery Optimized	Mini- and Sub-notebooks, Ultra-dense blade servers
Ultra Low Voltage Mobile Intel® Pentium® III Processor-M	866 MHz / 400 MHz Battery Optimized	Sept. 16, 2002	0.13-micron 55 million	512 KB Advanced Transfer cache	133 MHz	1.1V Max. Performance 0.95V Battery Optimized	<0.5 Battery Optimized	Mini- and Sub-notebooks, Ultra-dense blade servers
Ultra Low Voltage Mobile Intel® Pentium® III Processor-M	850 MHz / 400 MHz Battery Optimized	Sept. 16, 2002	0.13-micron 44 million	512 KB Advanced Transfer cache	100 MHz	1.1V Max. Performance 0.95V Battery Optimized	<0.5 Battery Optimized	Mini- and Sub-notebooks, Ultra-dense blade servers
Ultra Low Voltage Mobile Intel® Pentium® III Processor	800 MHz / 400 MHz Battery Optimized	Apr. 17, 2002	0.13-micron 44 million	512 KB Advanced Transfer cache	133 MHz	1.5V in Max. Perf. Mode 1.05V in Battery Optimized Mode	<0.5 watts in Battery Optimized Mode	Mini- and Sub-notebooks
Ultra Low Voltage Mobile Intel® Pentium® III Processor-M	800 MHz / 400 MHz Battery Optimized	Apr. 17, 2002	0.13-micron 44 million	512 KB Advanced Transfer cache	100 MHz	1.5V in Max. Perf. Mode 1.05V in Battery Optimized Mode	<0.5 watts in Battery Optimized Mode	Mini- and Sub-notebooks, Ultra-dense blade servers
Ultra Low Voltage Mobile Intel® Pentium® III Processor 512K	700 MHz	Nov. 13, 2001	0.13-micron 44 million	512 KB on-die L2 cache	100 MHz	1.1V		Ultra-dense servers
Ultra Low Voltage Mobile Intel® Pentium® III Processor Featuring Intel® SpeedStep™ Technology	750 MHz / 350 MHz Battery Optimized	Jan. 21, 2002	0.13-micron 44 million	512 KB Advanced Transfer cache	133 MHz	1.1V / <0.95V Battery Optimized	<0.5 watt Battery Optimized	Business and consumer mobile PCs
Ultra Low Voltage Mobile Intel® Pentium® III Processor Featuring Intel® SpeedStep™ Technology	750 MHz 500 MHz	May. 21, 2002 600 MHz Jan. 30, 2001 500 MHz	0.13-micron 44 million	256 KB Advanced Transfer cache	100 MHz	1.1V at 600, 500 MHz <1V Battery Optimized	<1 watt at 600, 500 MHz < 0.5 watt at 300 MHz	Business and consumer mobile PCs

*Low Voltage*
Processor	Clock Speed(s)	Intro Date(s)	Mfg. Process/ Transistors	Cache	Bus Speed	Core Voltage	Wattage	Typical Use
Low Voltage Mobile Intel® Pentium® III Processor-M Featuring Intel® SpeedStep™ Technology	1 GHz / 533 MHz Battery Optimized 933 MHz / 533 MHz Battery Optimized 866 MHz / 533 MHz Battery Optimized 850 MHz / 500 MHz Battery Optimized	Sept. 16, 2002 1 GHz Apr. 17, 2002 933 MHz Jan. 21, 2002 866 MHz 850 MHz	0.13-micron 44 million	512 KB Advanced Transfer cache	133 MHz	1.15V / 1.05V Battery Optimized	<1 watt Battery Optimized	Business and Consumer Mobile PCs
Low Voltage Mobile Intel® Pentium® III Processor Featuring Intel® SpeedStep™ Technology	750 MHz / 500 MHz Battery Optimized 700 MHz / 500 MHz Battery Optimized 600 MHz / 500 MHz Battery Optimized	May 21, 2001 750 MHz Feb. 27, 2001 700 MHz Jun. 19, 2000 600 MHz	0.18-micron 28 million	256 KB Advanced Transfer cache	100 MHz	1.1V Battery Optimized	<1 watt Battery Optimized	Business and Consumer Mobile PCs

*Mobile*
Processor	Clock Speed(s)	Intro Date(s)	Mfg. Process/ Transistors	Cache	Bus Speed	Core Voltage	Wattage	Typical Use
Mobile Intel® Pentium® III Processor-M	1.33 GHz 1.26 GHz	Sept. 16, 2002	0.13-micron 44 million	512 KB on-die L2 cache	133 MHz	1.4V / 1.15V Battery Optimized	<1.5 watts Battery Optimized	Full-size and thin & light mobile PCs
Mobile Intel® Pentium® III Processor-M	1.20 GHz 1.13 GHz 1.06 GHz 1 GHz	Oct. 1, 2001 1.20 GHz Jul. 30, 2001 1.13 GHz 1.06 GHz 1 GHz	0.13-micron 44 million	512 KB on-die L2 cache	133 MHz	1.4V / 1.15V Battery Optimized	<2 watts Battery Optimized	Full-size and thin & light mobile PCs
Mobile Intel® Pentium® III Processor-M	933 MHz 866 MHz	Jul. 30, 2001	0.13-micron 28 million	512 KB on-die L2 cache	133 MHz	1.15V / 1.05V Battery Optimized	<1 watt Battery Optimized	Full-size and thin & light mobile PCs
Mobile Intel® Pentium® III Processor Featuring Intel® SpeedStep™ Technology	1 GHz 900 MHz 850 MHz 800 MHz 750 MHz	Mar. 19, 2001 1 GHz 900 MHz Sep. 25, 2000 850 MHz 800 MHz Jun. 19, 2000 750 MHz	0.18-micron 28 million	256 KB Advanced Transfer cache	100 MHz	1.35V / 1.05V Battery Optimized	<2 watts Battery Optimized	Full-size and thin & light mobile PCs
Mobile Intel® Pentium® III Processor Featuring Intel® SpeedStep™ Technology	700 MHz / 550 MHz Battery Optimized 650 MHz / 500 MHz Battery Optimized 600 MHz / 500 MHz Battery Optimized	Apr. 24, 2000 700 MHz Jan. 18, 2000 650 MHz 600 MHz	0.18-micron 28 million	256 KB Advanced Transfer cache	100 MHz	1.35V	<2 watts Battery Optimized	Full-size and thin & light mobile PCs
Mobile Intel® Pentium® III Processor	500 MHz 450 MHz 400 MHz	Oct. 25, 1999	0.18-micron 28 million	256 KB Advanced Transfer cache	100 MHz	1.6V 500 MHz 450 MHz 1.35V 400 MHz	n/a	Full-size and thin & light mobile PCs

*Applied Computing*
Processor	Clock Speed(s)	Intro Date(s)	Mfg. Process/ Transistors	Cache	Bus Speed	Core Voltage	Addressable Memory	Typical Use
Low Voltage Intel® Pentium® III Processor for Applied Computing	700 MHz	Mar. 19, 2001	0.18-micron 28 million	256 KB Advanced Transfer cache	100 MHz	1.35V	64 GB	Small form factor boards, rack mount communications applications

Intel® Celeron® Processor

*Desktop*
Processor	Clock Speed(s)	Intro Date(s)	Mfg. Process/ Transistors	Cache	Bus Speed	Typical Use
Intel® Celeron® Processor	2.40 GHz 2.30 GHz 2.20 GHz 2.10 GHz	Mar. 31, 2003 2.40 GHz 2.30 GHz Nov. 20, 2002 2.20 GHz 2.10 GHz	0.13-micron	128 KB Advanced Transfer L2 cache	400 MHz	Value PCs
Intel® Celeron® Processor	2 GHz	Sept. 18, 2002	0.13-micron	128 KB Advanced Transfer L2 cache	400 MHz	Value PCs
Intel® Celeron® Processor	1.80 GHz 1.70 GHz	June 12, 2002 1.80 GHz May 15, 2002 1.70 GHz	0.18-micron	128 KB Advanced Transfer L2 cache	400 MHz	Value PCs
Intel® Celeron® Processor	1.40 GHz 1.30 GHz 1.20 GHz	May 15, 2002 1.40 GHz Jan. 3, 2002 1.30 GHz Oct. 2, 2001 1.20 GHz	0.13-micron	256 KB Advanced Transfer L2 cache	100 MHz	Value PCs
Intel® Celeron® Processor	1.10 GHz 1 GHz 950 MHz 990 MHz 850 MHz 800 MHz	Aug. 31, 2001 1.10 GHz 1 GHz 950 MHz Jul. 2, 2001 900 MHz May 21, 2001 850 MHz Jan. 3, 2001 800 MHz	0.18-micron	128 KB Advanced Transfer L2 cache	100 MHz	Value PCs
Intel® Celeron® Processor	766 MHz 733 MHz 700 MHz 667 MHz 633 MHz 600 MHz 566 MHz	Nov. 13, 2000 766 MHz 733 MHz June 26, 2000 700 MHz 667 MHz 633 MHz March 29, 2000 600 MHz 566 MHz	0.18-micron	128 KB Advanced Transfer L2 cache	66 MHz	Value PCs
Intel® Celeron® Processor	533 MHz 500 MHz 466 MHz 433 MHz 400 MHz 366 MHz 333 MHz 300 MHz	Jan. 4, 2000 533 MHz Aug. 2, 1999 500 MHz Apr. 26, 1999 466 MHz Mar. 22, 1999 433 MHz Jan. 4, 1999 400 MHz 366 MHz Aug. 24, 1998 333 MHz Aug. 24, 1998 300A MHz	0.25-micron 19 million	128 KB Advanced Transfer L2 cache	66 MHz	Value PCs
Intel® Celeron® Processor	300 MHz 266 MHz	June 8, 1998 300 MHz Apr. 15, 1998 266 MHz	0.25-micron 7.5 million	NA	66 MHz	Value PCs

*Ultra Low Voltage*
Processor	Clock Speed(s)	Intro Date(s)	Mfg. Process/ Transistors	Cache	Bus Speed	Core Voltage	Wattage	Typical Use
Ultra Low Voltage Mobile Intel® Celeron® Processor	800 MHz 733 MHz 700 MHz 650 MHz	Jan. 14, 2003 800 MHz Sept. 16, 2002 733 MHz 700 MHz Jan. 21, 2002 650 MHz	0.13-micron	256 KB on-die L2 cache	133 MHz	1.1 volts	<1 watt	Business and consumer mobile PCs
Ultra Low Voltage Intel® Mobile Celeron® Processor	600 MHz 500 MHz	May. 21, 2001 600 MHz Jan. 30, 2001 500 MHz	0.18-micron	128 KB on-die L2 cache	100 MHz	1.1 volts	<1 watt	Business and consumer mobile PCs

*Low Voltage*
Processor	Clock Speed(s)	Intro Date(s)	Mfg. Process/ Transistors	Cache	Bus Speed	Core Voltage	Wattage	Typical Use
Low Voltage Mobile Intel® Celeron® Processor	866 MHz 733 MHz	Jan. 14, 2003 866 MHz Apr. 17, 2002 733 MHz	0.13-micron	256 KB on-die L2 cache	100 MHz	1.15 volts